July 23rd, 2008Covered calls – removing the covers and going naked
In times of high market volatility such as we are experiencing so far in 2008, covered calls are one of the strategies proving very effective and profitable. A covered call is an investment strategy where an investor holds a long position in an asset, and sells a short term (usually) call option against that position. There are two reasons for utilizing the covered call:
- to put limited downside protection in place (you are protected from loss all the way down to the strike at which you sell)
- to increase profits at times of lofty stock valuations
As an example, consider a security with ticker symbol ABC that is trading at $165 per share. An investor purchases 100 shares of ABC for $16,500 on July 14, and then sells 1 contract of the August 160 strike ABC for $1300. An option contract has both intrinsic (in the money) value and extrinsic (time) value. In this case, the intrinsic value would be $500, or the difference between the stock price and strike price for in the money options. The extrinsic value is time value, and it is what the seller of the contract collects beyond the price of the shares, as a premium payment for selling the purchase right to the covered call buyer. If the covered call investor does nothing prior to August expiration, then the maximum profit is equal to the extrinsic value at the time of the option sale, or $800 in this case.
But there is a method to increase the profit of a covered call sale beyond the initial extrinsic value of the contract. The method is not something you can explicitly plan for, but it is an opportunity you can watch out for, and take advantage of when the time is right. The method I’m referring to is to temporarily remove the covers and go naked, hoping to re-apply the cover at a later time or date for a higher price. The time when such an opportunity might present itself is during unusual and “temporary” broad based market sell offs. The opportunity may also come immediately following an earnings report, where a “temporary” fear factor causes a “temporary” panic sell off. Temporary is the key word here, and it is up to the investor utilizing the covered call approach to make the determination of what is temporary or not. The questions to ask yourself are:
- After a large sell off of my ABC shares, how much has the covered call decreased in value? By what percentage has it decreased – more then 50%? More then 75%? Note that a decrease in value to a covered call that you SELL is actually an increase in value to your account.
- How much time has elapsed since I sold the covered call?
- How much time is left before the contract expires?
- Do you have reason to believe that this is just a short lived temporary sell off? If so, do you think other investors will come to their senses in a reasonably short time to bring about a quick recovery in the shares?
Let’s explore those questions as we expand on our example above. We bought 100 ABC shares for $16,500 and sold an August 160 strike call for $1300 on July 14th. The option will expire on the 3rd Friday of August, or the 17th. There were 34 days left in the contract when we sold it. Suppose that ABC released earnings on July 22 and the ABC stock dropped from $165 down to $150 immediately following the earnings report. The option contract dropped in value from $1300 to $300, giving you a gain of $1000 in just a few days. You as the investor firmly believe there is no logic to the sell off in ABC and that the shares will recover in a matter of days. Since you have already made a 77% return against your caller ($1000 gain divided by initial $1300 sale of the option), you decide to close the contract early. To do so you buy back the August 160 strike call (BUY TO CLOSE) for $300. Doing so removes the maximum profit potential limitation from your shares, but also removes the remaining $300 of extrinsic downside protection you had in place. You are now naked in your 100 shares of ABC.
Now suppose that your intuition was correct and that one day after the earnings release sell off, on July 23, the shares of ABC rally back up from $150 to the $165 level. Because you had no caller in place to limit your gain, you were able to capitalize dollar for dollar on that gain. With earnings out of the way, you now think that the shares are properly valued and they will likely hang out in the 160-165 area all the way through to August expiration. You want to capitalize on that premise by selling as much extrinsic (time) value as you can. Prior to the earnings release, you sold the 160 strike call because you wanted the extra protection (you are protected from a loss all the way down to the strike price you sell). With earnings past, and having witnessed a sharp drop and immediate recovery in the shares, you are more comfortable selling the higher 165 strike call. You sell 1 contract of the August 165 strike and collect $700, which is 100 percent extrinsic value. Fast forward to expiration day on August 17 and assume that ABC closes at $166 per share. Your option contract is exercised, and you are automatically paid $16,500 (165 strike * 100) for your 100 shares of ABC.
Lets recap the list of transactions for the above example:
- $16,500 purchase of 100 shares of ABC on July 14
- $1300 SELL TO OPEN of August 160 strike ABC on July 14
- $300 BUY TO CLOSE of August 160 strike ABC on July 22
- $700 SELL TO OPEN of August 165 strike ABC on July 23
- $16,500 sale of 100 shares of ABC on August 17 (fast forward to option expiration)
The net total profit of the above 5 transactions is $1,700. Buying back the covered call option after the temporary sell off, and then reselling another option after the share recovery, allowed you to increase your maximum profit from the covered call. The maximum profit was originally capped at the $800 extrinsic value at the time of sale, but you were able to nearly double that maximum potential profit by taking advantage of what your intuition told you was only a temporary market sell off in the ABC shares. But remember, only you can determine your own definition of what is temporary or not. If you are not sure, then its probably best to leave the covered call protection in place and ride it out through expiration.
For additional reading on this topic:

New Insights on Covered Call Writing: The Powerful Technique That Enhances Return and Lowers Risk in Stock Investing by Richard Lehman

















